Vusa abathengi ukuba bacinge ngokurisayikilisha izinto eziyingozi zephepha elingasetyenziswanga

1. Ukuzikisa iiNdlela zokuHlaza

Itoni enye yephepha elilahliweyo, elisetyenziswa ngokutsha, liyakwazi ukuthatha ubomi obutsha, liguquke libe yi-850 kg yephepha elisetyenzisiweyo. Olu tshintsho alubonisi nje kuphela ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwezixhobo, kodwa lukhusela ngokungabonakaliyo ii-cubic metres ezintathu zezixhobo zomthi ezixabisekileyo, ukuze ziqhubeke zichuma ehlathini kwaye zigcine ulungelelwano lwendalo. Kwangaxeshanye, le nkqubo igcina ii-cubic metres ezili-100 zamanzi, nto leyo iluncedo ekunciphiseni ingxaki yokunqongophala kwamanzi.

Ngokuphathelele ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, itoni nganye yephepha elimdaka elisetyenziswayo inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-300kg yezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zeekhemikhali, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezinobungozi ezinokuveliswa ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa. Ukongeza, iitoni ezili-1.2 zamalahle kunye ne-600 kWh yombane zinokulondolozwa, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu ngokubhekiselele ekugcineni amandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya, kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwamandla oluzinzileyo.

Ukusebenzisa itoni enye yeemveliso ezenziwe ngephepha eliphinde lasetyenziswa nge-100% kuya kunciphisa ngempumelelo ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni dayoksayidi ngeetoni ezili-11.37. Oku akubonisi nje kuphela ulwazi lomntu ngokusingqongileyo, kodwa kukwabonisa impendulo entle kutshintsho lwemozulu lwehlabathi. Ukusetyenziswa kwephepha eliphinde lasetyenziswa kuya kuba ngamandla abalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ubomi obuluhlaza nokwakha uluntu olungenakhabhoni ininzi.

2. Iintsalela ezikwiphepha elilahliweyo, izinto ezisetyenziswayo ukuze kusetyenziswe iphepha eliphinda lisetyenziswe, kunye nemiphumo yazo
Iphepha lenkunkuma ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwakhona, lidla ngokuthwala iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentsalela, ezi ntsalela azibangeli nje kuphela ingozi kwimpilo yabantu, kodwa zinokuba nefuthe elibi kwindalo esingqongileyo.

Iimetali ezisindayo zezinye zezona zinto zixhaphakileyo kwiinkunkuma zephepha. Inkqubo yokuvelisa iphepha eliphinda lisetyenziswe inokuba nezinto zemetali ezisindayo ezifana ne-lead, i-mercury kunye ne-cadmium. Ezi metali zisindayo ziyingozi emzimbeni womntu, kwaye ukuvezwa ixesha elide okanye ukufunxa izinto ezineemetali ezisindayo kunokubangela iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zempilo. Okubi ngakumbi, iimetali ezisindayo azinakonakala lula kwindawo yendalo, kwaye xa zingena kwindawo yendalo, zinokuqokelelana inyathelo ngenyathelo kwikhonkco lokutya, ekugqibeleni zibangele umonakalo kwibhalansi yendalo.
Izinto eziphilayo nazo ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yentsalela ephepheni elilahliweyo. Xa iphepha eliphinda lisetyenziswe lidibana neekhemikhali kunye neentsholongwane ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, i-pulp ekulo inokubola ibe zizinto eziphilayo eziyingozi, ezifana ne-benzene kunye ne-phenol. Ezi zinto eziphilayo zinokuba yingozi emzimbeni womntu nakwindalo esingqongileyo, kwaye zinokubangela iingxaki zempilo ezifana nokukrala kwesikhumba kunye neengxaki zokuphefumla. Zinokungcolisa imithombo yamanzi kunye nomhlaba, zichaphazele ukukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo nezilwanyana.

Iintsholongwane kunye neeparasite nazo ziyintsalela ephepheni elisetyenzisiweyo elingafanele lingananzwa. Iphepha elimdaka linokuba neebhaktheriya ezahlukeneyo kunye neeparasite, ezifana ne-Escherichia coli, i-pneumococcus kunye neempethu, ukuba alinyangwa ngokungqongqo ngexesha lenkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwakhona. Ezi pathogens zibeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nococeko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye zinokukhokelela ekudlulisweni kwezifo kunye nongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo.

Kwinkqubo yokubuyisa nokuphinda kusetyenziswe amaphepha amdaka, kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo asebenzayo, anjengokuphucula ukuqokelelwa kwephepha elimdaka ngokwahlukileyo, ukuphucula inkqubo yokuvelisa iphepha elisetyenzisiweyo kunye nokuqinisa ukubulala iintsholongwane kwiphepha elisetyenzisiweyo, ukuze kuncitshiswe iingozi kwimpilo yabantu nakwindalo esingqongileyo ezibangelwa zintsalela ezikwiphepha elisetyenzisiweyo. Kwangaxeshanye, uluntu kufuneka luphucule ulwazi ngokusingqongileyo, ukusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kunye nokulahlwa kwephepha elisetyenzisiweyo, kunye nokukhusela ngokudibeneyo imeko-bume yethu yendalo.

3. Iingozi ezinokubakho zentsalela ephepheni elisetyenzisiweyo
Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwephepha eliphinda lisetyenziswe yinkqubo entsonkothileyo nebuthathaka, equka ukubilisa i-pulp kubushushu obuphezulu, ukongezwa kwe-calcium hypochlorite, kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane kubushushu obuphezulu ngexesha lokubumba isilinda. Olu luhlu lwamanyathelo okucubungula lubulala ngempumelelo inani elikhulu leebhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane, ngaloo ndlela kuqinisekisa umgangatho ococekileyo wephepha eliphinda lisetyenziswe. Nangona kunjalo, nangona le nkqubo yokwenziwa inzima, kusekho ezinye ii-spores ze-mold ezinokuba nzima ukuzisusa, kubandakanya iintlobo ezifana nePenicillium, i-Aspergillus erythropolis kunye ne-Aspergillus flavus.
Ezi spores zesikhunta zihlala zivela ephepheni elilahliweyo, ziyakwazi ukumelana nokusingqongileyo kwaye zinokuphila kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ezinzima. Nokuba kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ukuya kuthi ga kwiidigri ezilikhulu, ezi spores zisakwazi ukuphila. Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yendalo yazo eqinileyo yeekhemikhali, ii-asidi ezinamandla kunye nee-alkalis kunye nezibulali-ntsholongwane ezingcolisayo kunye nezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zokubulala iintsholongwane zihlala zingenakukwazi ukumelana nazo.
Phakathi kwezi spores zesikhunta, i-Aspergillus flavus inetyhefu kakhulu. Ithathwa njengenye yezona zinto zinobungozi kakhulu emhlabeni, kwaye inetyhefu edlula kakhulu eyezinto ezinobungozi ezifana ne-nicotine kunye ne-formaldehyde. Ithatha i-0.1 gram ye-aflatoxin ukuba ibulale ngexesha elifutshane. Okubi ngakumbi, nokuba ityiwe okanye iphefumlwe ngobuninzi obuncinci kuphela kwixesha elide, i-aflatoxin iya kubangela umonakalo omkhulu ongapheliyo kwiinkqubo zokuphefumla nezokugaya ukutya zabantu, kwaye inokubangela neethumba ezinobungozi ezifana nomhlaza wesibindi, umhlaza wemiphunga kunye nomhlaza wesisu. I-World Health Organisation iyichaze njenge-carcinogen, kwaye umlinganiselo wayo womonakalo awunakungahoywa.

Ngethamsanqa, ii-spores ze-Aspergillus flavus ziyalala kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu, ngaloo ndlela ziyeke ukukhula kwazo nokuzala kwazo okwethutyana.

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