Vusa abathengi ukuba bacinge ngokurisayikilishwa kwenkunkuma eyingozi yemathiriyeli ekrwada

1.Ukuziqhelanisa nokuHlaza

Itoni enye yephepha elilahliweyo, phantsi kohlaziyo, iyakwazi ukuthatha ubomi obutsha, iguquke ibe yi-850 kg yephepha elisetyenzisiweyo. Olu tshintsho alubonisi kuphela ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwemithombo, kodwa lukhusela ngokungabonakaliyo i-cubic metres ye-3 yezixhobo zokhuni ezixabisekileyo, ukwenzela ukuba ziqhubeke zikhula ehlathini kwaye zigcine ibhalansi yezinto eziphilayo. Kwangaxeshanye, le nkqubo yonga i-100 cubic metres yamanzi, nto leyo ilungile ekunciphiseni ingxaki yokunqongophala kwamanzi.

Ngokumalunga nokunciphisa ungcoliseko lwendalo esingqongileyo, toni nganye yenkunkuma esetyenzisiweyo inciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-300kg yemathiriyeli ekrwada yeekhemikhali, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto eziyingozi ezinokuthi ziveliswe ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa. Ukongeza, i-1.2 yeetoni zamalahle kunye ne-600 kWh yombane inokongiwa, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu malunga nokugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa, kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwamandla oluzinzileyo.

Ukusebenzisa i-1 toni yeemveliso ezenziwe kwi-100% yephepha elihlaziyiweyo kuya kunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngeetoni ze-11.37. Oku akukona nje ukubonakalisa ulwazi lomntu ngokusingqongileyo, kodwa kwakhona impendulo eyakhayo kutshintsho lwemozulu yehlabathi. Ukusetyenziswa kwephepha elihlaziyiweyo ngokuthe ngcembe liba ngamandla abalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukuphila okuluhlaza kunye nokwakha uluntu oluphantsi kwekhabhoni.

2.Iintsalela kwiphepha lenkunkuma, imathiriyeli ekrwada yephepha elihlaziyiweyo, kunye neempembelelo zazo
Iphepha elilahliweyo kwinkqubo yokuphinda lisetyenziswe, lihlala lithwele iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentsalela, ezi ntsalela azipheleli nje ekubeni yingozi empilweni yabantu, kodwa zinokuba nefuthe elibi kwindalo esingqongileyo.

Iintsimbi ezinzima yenye yeentsalela eziqhelekileyo kwiphepha lenkunkuma. Inkqubo yokuvelisa iphepha elihlaziyiweyo inokuthi iqulethe izinto ezinzima zentsimbi ezifana nelothe, i-mercury kunye ne-cadmium. Ezi zinyithi zinzima ziyityhefu emzimbeni womntu, kwaye ukuba sesichengeni okanye ukuthabatha ixesha elide kwizinto ezineentsimbi ezinzima kunokubangela iingxaki zempilo ezahlukeneyo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, isinyithi esinzima asonakaliswa lula kwimekobume yendalo, kwaye nje ukuba ingene kwi-ecosystem, inokuthi iqokelele inyathelo ngenyathelo ngekhonkco lokutya, ekugqibeleni ibangele umonakalo kwi-ecology balance.
I-Organic matter nayo iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yentsalela kwinkunkuma yephepha. Xa iphepha elihlaziyiweyo lidibana neekhemikhali kunye ne-microorganisms ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, i-pulp ekulo inokubola ibe zizinto ezinobungozi ze-organic, ezifana ne-benzene kunye ne-phenol. Ezi zinto zendalo zinokuba yingozi kumzimba womntu kunye nokusingqongileyo, kwaye zinokubangela iingxaki zempilo ezinjengokucaphukisa ulusu kunye neengxaki zokuphefumla. Zisenokungcolisa imithombo yamanzi nomhlaba, nto leyo echaphazela ukukhula nokukhula kwezityalo nezilwanyana.

Iintsholongwane kunye nezifunxi-gazi zikwayintsalela ekwiphepha elisetyenzisiweyo ekungafunekanga lihoywe. Inkunkuma yephepha inokuba neebhaktheriya ezahlukeneyo kunye nezifunxi-gazi, ezifana ne-Escherichia coli, i-pneumococcus kunye neentshulube, ukuba ayiphathwa ngokungqongqo ngexesha lenkqubo yokurisayikilishwa. Ezi pathogens zenza ingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu kunye nococeko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye zinokukhokelela ekusasazweni kwezifo kunye nongcoliseko lwendalo.

Kwinkqubo yokubuyiswa kwenkunkuma kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona, amanyathelo asebenzayo kufuneka athathwe, njengokuphucula ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma eyahlukileyo, ukuphucula inkqubo yokuvelisa iphepha elihlaziyiweyo kunye nokomeleza ukubulawa kweentsholongwane kwephepha elisetyenzisiweyo, ukuze kuncitshiswe iingozi kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo okubangelwa yintsalela kwiphepha lenkunkuma. Kwangaxeshanye, uluntu kufuneka luphucule ulwazi ngokusingqongileyo, ukusetyenziswa okusengqiqweni kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, kunye nokukhusela ngokudibeneyo okusingqongileyo kwendalo yethu.

3.Iingozi ezinokwenzeka zentsalela kwiphepha elisetyenzisiweyo
Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwephepha elihlaziyiweyo yinkqubo enzima kunye neyinkimbinkimbi, ebandakanya ukubilisa i-pulp kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, ukongezwa kwe-calcium hypochlorite, kunye ne-secondary high-disinfection ngexesha lokubunjwa kwe-cylinder. Olu chungechunge lwamanyathelo okucubungula lubulala ngokufanelekileyo inani elikhulu leebhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa umgangatho wococeko wephepha elihlaziyiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, nangale nkqubo yokwenziwa ingqongqo, kusekho ezinye iimbewu zokungunda ezinokuba nzima ukuzisusa, kubandakanya neentlobo ezinjengePenicillium, Aspergillus erythropolis kunye neAspergillus flavus.
Ihlala isuka kwinkunkuma yamaphepha, ezi spores zokungunda ziqhelana kakhulu nendawo ezihlala kuyo kwaye zinokuphila kwiimeko ezinzima ezahlukeneyo. Nokuba kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ukuya kutsho kumakhulu aliqela, ezi spores zisakwazi ukuphila. Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yobume beekhemikhali ezizinzileyo, iiasidi ezomeleleyo kunye neealkali kunye nezibulala-ntsholongwane ezixutywe neoksijini kunye nezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokuvala inzala zihlala zingenakunceda kuzo.
Phakathi kwezi spores zokungunda, iAspergillus flavus inetyhefu ngakumbi. Ithathwa ngokubanzi njengenye yezona zinto ziyityhefu emhlabeni, enetyhefu eyodlula lee kwizinto ezinobungozi ezifana nenikotini kunye ne-formaldehyde. Kuthatha kuphela i-0.1 gram ye-aflatoxin ukuba ibulale ngexesha elifutshane. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, nokuba ifakwe kuphela okanye ifakwe kwimizuzu emincinci ixesha elide, i-aflatoxin iya kubangela umonakalo omkhulu ongapheliyo kwindlela yokuphefumla kunye neyokugaya ukutya, kwaye isenokubangela amathumba anobungozi anjengomhlaza wesibindi, umhlaza wemiphunga kunye nomhlaza wesisu. Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi uwubeke njenge-carcinogen, kwaye inqanaba lobungozi alinakuhoywa.

Ngombulelo, i-Aspergillus flavus spores iya kulala kwindawo yobushushu obuphezulu, ngaloo ndlela imise okwethutyana ukukhula kunye nokuzala.

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